159 什么是电子-电子的特性

What is Electron – Properties of Electron

（https://www.nuclear-power.com/）

什么是电子-电子的特性

An electron, symbol e−, is one of the fundamental particles that make up matter. The electrons are negatively charged (-1e), almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom. Their rest mass equals 9.109 × 10−31 kg (510.998 keV/c2) (approximately 1/1836 that of the proton).

电子（符号为e−）是组成物质的基本粒子之一。电子带负电荷（-1e），是几乎没有质量的粒子却占据了原子的大部分尺寸。它们的静止质量为9.109 × 10^−31 kg （510.998 keV/c^2））约为质子的1/1836）。

All matter except dark matter is made of molecules, which are themselves made of atoms. The atoms consist of two parts. An atomic nucleus and an electron cloud. The electrons are spinning around the atomic nucleus. Electrons belong to the group of elementary particles known as leptons. Leptons are elementary, half-integer spin (spin  1⁄2) particles that do not undergo strong interactions. They are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. This fact has key implications for building up the periodic table of elements.

除了暗物质，所有的物质都由分子构成，而分子本身又是由原子构成的。原子由两部分组成。原子核和电子云。电子绕着原子核旋转。电子属于被称为轻子的基本粒子群。轻子是基本的、半整数自旋（自旋1 / 2）的粒子，不会发生强相互作用。它们服从泡利不相容原理。这个事实对建立元素周期表有重要的意义。

Proton 质子

Electrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph Thomson in 1897. Electrons are located in an electron cloud, which is the area surrounding the nucleus of the atom. The electron is only one member of a class of elementary particles which forms an atom.

1897年，约翰·约瑟夫·汤姆森爵士发现了电子。电子位于电子云中，电子云是围绕原子核的区域。电子只是构成原子的一类基本粒子中的一个。

Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.

像所有的基本粒子一样，电子同时表现出粒子和波的特性：它们可以与其他粒子碰撞，也可以像光一样衍射。电子的波特性比中子和质子等其他粒子的波特性更容易通过实验观察到，因为电子的质量较小，因此对于给定的能量，它的德布罗意波长更长。

（待续）